Why Are Monarchs Caterpillars Turning Black

Black death in monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus) is one of several recent threats to the one of our most popular and revered insect species. Whether youre raising  monarch butterflies  in a classroom, observing them in your backyard milkweed garden, or taking part in one of the habitat restoration projects, you may have noticed that a percentage of monarch caterpillars never reach adulthood as a butterfly. Some just seem to disappear, while others show visible signs of disease or parasitism. Symptoms of Butterfly Black Death One day, your caterpillars are munching away on their milkweed, and the next, they turn lethargic. Their colors seem a little off. Their black bands appear wider than usual. Gradually, the entire caterpillar darkens, and its body looks like a deflated inner tube. Then, right before your eyes, the caterpillar turns to mush. Signs that your caterpillars will succumb to black death: lethargy, refusing to eatdiscoloration of the cuticle (skin)watery droppingsregurgitationshriveled tentacles Even after several years of raising bumper crops of monarchs in your own milkweed patch, you may still be in danger of infestations. In the worst case, a catastrophic parasite infestation can occur, leading to an overall decline in the health of your caterpillar population. What are the signs? Some or nearly all of the monarch caterpillars slowly turn black and die. Chrysalis discoloration is another thing to look out for. While a healthy chrysalis does turn dark just before the adult butterfly is ready to emerge, an unhealthy one turns solid black—and adult butterflies never emerge from them. What Causes Black Death in Butterflies? In most cases, black death has two causes: a bacterium in the genus  Pseudomonas  and the  Nuclear polyhedrosis  virus. Pseudomonas  bacteria prefer moist environments and are pretty much ubiquitous. You can find them in water, in soil, in plants, and even in animals (including people). In humans,  Pseudomonas  bacteria may cause ear, eye, and urinary tract infections, as well as other hospital-acquired infections. Pseudomonas  is an opportunistic bacteria that typically infects caterpillars that are already weakened by other diseases or conditions. The  Nuclear polyhedrosis  virus is almost always deadly to monarchs. It resides inside the caterpillars cells, forming polyhedra (sometimes described as crystals, although this is not entirely accurate). The polyhedra grow within the cell, eventually causing it to burst open. This is the reason infected caterpillars or pupa seems to dissolve as the virus ruptures the cells and destroys the structure of the insect. Fortunately, the  Nuclear polyhedrosis  virus does not reproduce in humans. Tips for Preventing Black Death in Monarchs If youre raising monarch butterflies in a classroom or in your backyard butterfly garden, there are several precautions you can take to lower the risk of black death. The  Pseudomonas  bacteria like moist environments. Keep your breeding environment as dry as possible. Raised cages constructed of ventilated mesh are a good choice.Keep the cage out of the sun.Vacuum up any frass (butterfly droppings) and old milkweed leaves. Wipe down and dry the cage daily.Rinse milkweed cuttings and leaves with water before feeding.Watch for condensation in breeding cages. Be sure to let milkweed plants dry completely before use.If you see any signs of sickness in a caterpillar (lethargy, discoloration, etc.), isolate it from the other caterpillars.Remove any chrysalides that are turning black.If you have evidence that your butterflies are suffering from the black death, disinfect the cage with a 5 to 10 percent bleach solution prior to raising any more. Citizen Scientists and Preserving Monarchs The monarch butterfly population has crashed in recent years, experiencing an 80 percent decline in North American populations over the past few decades. Only part of this downturn is due to the black death. Other parasites affecting monarchs include tachinid fly infections, Ophryocystis ​elektroscirrha (OE), and Trichogramma and Chalcid wasps. Unfortunately, the most serious threat to monarchs comes from human sources including insecticide and herbicide use and loss of habitat. Today there are several monarch preservation opportunities for students and ordinary citizens to take part in that offer opportunities from monitoring and reporting infestations, to tracking migrating butterflies, to getting grants to launch new backyard gardens and promoting butterfly health. Sources Agreement: Monarch Butterfly to Get Endangered Species Act Protection Decision by 2019. Center for Biological Diversity. Web. Accessed June 9, 2018.Monarch Butterfly: What is Citizen Science? USDA Forest Service. Web. Accessed June 9, 2018.Monarch Predation by Invertebrates, Parasitoids, and Disease. Monarch Watch. Web. Accessed June 9, 2018.Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus. International Butterfly Breeders Association. Web. Accessed June 9, 2018.Pseudomonas Infection, Medscape Reference. Web. Accessed June 9, 2018.Pseudomonas, Southern Illinois University. Web. Accessed January 7, 2013.Parasites and Natural Enemies, MonarchLab, University of Minnesota. Web. Accessed June 9, 2018.

Women of Trachis Free Essays

Dying Wishes In the court of law, the â€Å"dying declaration† is the only form of testimony that a Judge will not rule out as hearsay. The logic being, that a man at the very edge of his life has nothing to lose, so therefore would have no reason to lie. In Sophocles’ tragedy, Women of Trachis, several characters make dying declarations, some of them, in fact, lies! These deathbed declarations, allow us to see into the minds of these characters. We will write a custom essay sample on Women of Trachis or any similar topic only for you Order Now When the story opens, Deineira has been getting worried that something terrible has happened to him. She sends her son, Hyllus off to Eurytus to look for the lost warrior. Heracles’ herald, Lichas makes up a story about how Heracles was enslaved due to King Eurytus, and got his revenge by destroying the land and taking their women. However, a messenger points out that the whole reason Hercules ransacked the city was so that he could have the beautiful Iole for himself, for whom he was â€Å"hot with desire. † Instead of being furious with Heracles for being unfaithful, she eschews the blame to the gods of love, who â€Å"temped† him. It is then that she recalls the death wish of Nessus the centaur. As Nessus laid impaled with Heracles’ poison arrow, he whispered to Deineira that if she kept his clotted blood, she could use it later to â€Å"Charm on the mind of Heraclues so he will never see a woman he loves more than you. (87)† While it is generally uncommon for people to tell a lie on their death bed, this case was certainly an exception. Deineria was extremely naive to believe that a beast who had just been killed by her own husband would do her a favor. It seems perfectly clear that the centaur would want to avenge his own death by killing Heracles, which he ended up doing posthumously, because Dieneria took his word for it. She doesn’t realize until after her husband’s death what the beast’s true intentions were. Had Dieneria not put all her trust in the centaur, and assigned Heracles more blame for his ownshortcomings, the story might have had a happier ending. Once Dieneria hears that her attempt to â€Å"charm† Heracles has ended up causing Heracles a long, painful death, she kills herself in anguish. As Heracles is dying, throbbing with pain, he makes two grueling requests of his son Hyllus. First, he asks Hyllus to take him to the top of the mountain, chop down some trees, and set him on fire, to take him out of his misery, a task a son should never have to do to his own father. On top of that, Heracles insists that Hyllus marry Iole, the very woman who was the catalyst for the death of both of Hyllus’ parents. This is the worst imaginable scenario for Hyllus. By asking his son do this Heracles demonstrates his complete lack of sensitivity or compassion. Not only does he have no remorse whatsoever for deserting his wife for another woman, he wants his son to carry on this legacy of adultery for the rest of his life by wedding her. This shows complete lack of respect to his wife, and lack of compassion for his son. These dying declarations demonstrate the character flaws that end up killing Deineria and Heracles. Deineria’s naiviety and and overtrust get her into trouble, while Heracles’ downfall is his lack of compassion. Together, these character flaws are enough to cause great tragedy. How to cite Women of Trachis, Papers

Strategies to Foster Innovation and Entrepreneurship MyAssignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about the Strategies to Foster Innovation and Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction: This essay looks into Shop Eight, a caf located in Regent Street at Christchurch in New Zealand. The Caf was established in 2013 by Liz Phelan who had studied in Melbourne and started the caf without taking a bank loan for financing(Berry, 2013). The caf is set up in an area that is prone to earthquakes. The earthquake experienced in Christchurch fur ears ago left most of the city centre destroyed by Shop Eight miraculously survived (Jacobs, 2014; Beckett, 2015). The caf offers food and wine and takes into consideration the setting of the shop and the food and wine offered to the customers. It is also evident that the furniture and the much they do from the few resources at their disposal is commendable, taking into consideration similar cafes that pose threats to the caf. The owner is Elizabeth Phelan who partners with Chef Alex Davies since the beginning of operations. Shop Eight is cafeteria that integrates with a wine bar properly set at the cafeteria to show a difference between the bar area and the rest of the caf while still maintaining the caf atmosphere not to confuse it with a bar. Bloomreach, Infinite Analytics, and Mona are among the most successful ecommerce business which owe a great deal of their success to the specific focus on posting relevant content online and putting the customer first in the delivery of their products and services. That comes in addition to their interactions(Zeus, 2017). The stakeholders of the caf include the customers, Lizs mother-the one that loaned her the money for the start-up, Rekindle recycled timber providers in exchange for a platform to showcase their products and the two partners-Liz and Alex. Rekindle is close a partner as it is located upstairs above the caf and takes up half of the burden of paying the rent of the [premises. The caf employs few staff, never more than ten, and works towards the minimization of consists to allow for saving for future investments. It does not operate on loans as Liz turned down the suggestion to take a loan for the start-up and preferred to pool resources from her savings, family, and friends(Berry, 2013). The team of two makes use of the local products whereas growing some of their food which shows their effort to maximize the use of the resources at their disposal. As a caf owned by a team of two, the success is commendable and can only be linked to the passion of the owners/ managers. The managers have a vision of the creation of a caf that provides for the needs of the local and international customer that visits the hotel with the hope of satisfaction, enjoyment, and a warm ambience. According to a customer review, although they do not let it affect the services and quality of the food and wine served, Liz and Alex seem like a tired team sustained mostly by their passion for the business(Fraser, 2014). The customers visit the caf with the purpose of experiencing the feel of a warm environment accompanied by good food and wine for enjoyment and satisfaction. The owners (Liz and Alex) hold the purpose of expanding to the point of competing with the large cafes in the town and the rest of New Zealand through providing unique dishes, keeping the customers interested by changing menus, and giving the customers a variety of options within their tastes. The vision also includes the accessibility of the food and wine at all times and at any place by the use of different platforms of conducting business. The vision is also flexible since Liz initially opened the caf with the intention of making it a coffee shop that offers high quality coffee with custom sandwiches to match(Fraser, 2014). Analysis of the Business Environment An analysis of the business environment is done using the SWOT analysis that looks into the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities of the business and the existing and potential threats that can hinder the vision of the business. Shop eight has various strengths as seen on pages with customer reviews and even through observation. A review by Beckett (2015) describes the menu as very creative whereas Fraser (2014) calls the menu and food variety amazing with direct recommendations to the chef. One of the strengths is the effort to encompass class into the small and simple caf. It has the strength of having survived the quake which offered the inhabitants of Christchurch an option of a food outlet after most were destroyed in the quake, and the fame of survival. As the one that started the business, Liz has the advantage of a background in hospitality and international experience from her studying in Melbourne(Berry, 2013). In addition to that, the nature of her restaurant favours the market because of the popularity of dining out among the New Zealanders and the preference of taking their food alongside wine during all meals(New Zealand History, 2016). There is also the strength of an amazing chef as during her visit to Christchurch, Ruth, a renowned food critic commented on the wonderful food saying that the chef had a bright future ahead of him. The design is also commendable because of the amazing fit of the recycled furniture and the combination of different designs to bring out the best of the interiors(Beckett, 2015). Having declined the advice to take a bank loan and having taken one from her mother instead, the caf has the advantage of the problem of bad debts and sanctions from lenders. Their situation gives them the freedom to expand without worry because the loan is one whose terms can be negotiated and the most important and pressing investments made for the overall good of the caf. The caf has a weakness in that it is located in an earthquake prone geographical position which puts it at the risk of demolition during an earthquake. Although Shop Eight survived the previous earthquake experienced five years ago, there is no guarantee of survival in case of another. The caf is also short-staffed, something caused by the small size of the caf in part and the point in growth at which it is in terms of fame, popularity, and revenue. The position of the caf brings on the other weakness which is the slow growth of Christchurch. That makes it difficult to attract that many investors and customers into the town. The last earthquake that destroyed the entire city centre brings in the fear of the occurrence of another makes investors shy away from investing in the area, thus, reducing the human traffic and inhabitants in the area. Customers are an important part of the business because they are the ones responsible for directly bringing revenue into the business. With the current shift towards online shopping, Shop Eight has the opportunity to take over the online platform to conduct business. The lack of numerous immediate competitors gives the business a chance to expand at its own pace. New Zealand also has a considerable Asian population which gives the cafe the opportunity to diversify the cultural background of their cuisine to include various countries and continents for a more diverse customer base. According to research, New Zealanders have the culture of dining out and the consumption of wine alongside their meals (Jacobs, 2014). Taking the popularity of dining out among the New Zealanders and their appreciation for good wine, the expansion of the caf and the inclusion of high-end and affordable items on their menu is a win for them and a win for their customers. One of the main threats of businesses in Christchurch and its inhabitants is the possibility of the occurrence of an earthquake and the resultant loss of property and businesses. The survival of Shop Eight during the last earthquake was a once in a lifetime case of luck that cannot be guaranteed in the future. The other threats include the possibility of closing down as a result of losses coming from the loss of customers to competition, and the increased cost of running the caf. The dependence on Rekindles for the sharing of costs is also a risk that is a potential threat in the case of the need to close down or move by Rekindled. Shop Eight would strain in the payment of its rent as a result and have to look for other financial source options. Others include new entrants into the market, preference of substitute fast foods over fine dining, and the expansion of already existing hotels and their adoption of new technologies before Shop Eight. The two most suitable strategic options required to trigger innovation and entrepreneurship at Shop Eight include: The adoption of the newest technologies such as the use of the online platform for sales and marketing purposes. The continual improvement of the knowledge and skills of the stakeholders to incapacitate them with the power to create more from whet they learn. How adapting new technologies and continuous improvement of the knowledge of my stakeholders are in alignment with the business: The vision of the business is to provide exceptional service and food to the customers and ensure that Shop Eight caters for the needs of the local and international customer that visit the hotel with the hope of satisfaction, enjoyment, and a warm ambience. The business is on a mission to become renowned and if possible open up to franchises in Christchurch and even other parts of New Zealand. The adaptation of the most recent technologies involves the use of the most recent sales and marketing strategies such as ecommerce and a greater online presence(Carpio Lange, 2015). Such technological advancement is in line with the vision and mission of the business because they are among the most popular platforms for advertising, sales, and purchases, especially among the millennials who make up a majority of the population in the world. Continuous improvement requires innovative ideas to ensure the caf stands out above the rest of the competition. Innovation and entrepreneurial characteristics seek to advance the ability of the caf to satisfy the needs of the customer for the increase of the revenue of such a caf. As a result, it continuous improvement through additional education and the opportunity of the chef to engage in other cooking activities (such as cook-offs with other chefs) outside the caf for instance, increase their experience, insight, and knowledge base for the increase of the variety of food provided by Shop Eight. The same is enhanced by the enablement of the Chef (taking the chef as an example among the stakeholders) through the adoption of the moset recent technology and the application of the knowledge to the daily activities of running the caf. Requirements of the Stakeholders The stakeholders vary but all seek for the improvement of the operations of the caf, the increase in revenue, and the expansion of the business. Other requirements include smooth operations in the caf to enhance the customer experience and reduce fatigue. According to Teneva (2017), food is among the top ranked items that are trending in ecommerce in terms of popularity and profitability. It also has the element of competition since many people are turning towards ecommerce(Puri, 2015). The owners, Liz and Alex, also have the need to clear their loan and operate on the profits that they earn. Innovation and entrepreneurship shall be enhanced by the availability of the necessary technology for improvement. Such includes the availability of the latest operating equipment, the adoption of online sales and sharing of activities done in the caf online. When added with increased knowledge on a regular staff, the people working at the caf shall be in a better position to satisfy the unique needs of other stakeholders by the use of innovative ideas. That satisfies their requirements to be professionals, accessible, and competitive in the market amidst the competition. How the adoption of the newest technologies and continuous improvement of the knowledge of the stakeholders shall promote innovation to meet the needs of the customers and meet the needs of the customers and the stakeholders Innovation, as mentioned, shall involve the use of new technologies to foster a spirit of entrepreneurship and continuous improvement among the stakeholders. That is because the stakeholders shall have what they need to grow at their disposal. Continuous improvement of the stakeholders involves the increase of their skills, knowledge, and awareness through training programs and sharing relevant information. Such training should come hand in hand with the recommendation to put it into use for the advancement of the careers of the employees and other stakeholders and the inclusion of external stakeholdres. That is because the current trend in the food industry is the shift to ecommerce(Carpio Lange, 2015). As for the customers, the availability of the most recent and popular technologies shall enhance the links between the caf, its products, its suppliers, and the customers(Collins, Cobanglu, Bilgihan, 2013). The platforms adapted for sales and marketing and the technologies shall also be used to educate the customers and potential customers who visit such online platforms through blogs and sharing recipes. The availability of such information banks attracts diverse customers and other people that bump into them with their agendas such as research and studies. The recipes, however, must be shared sparingly to avoid losing their uniqueness that makes hop Eight stand out. Taking USS statistics into consideration, although majority of the population was using computers and the interned in 2013, only 14% of food vendors conducted business online. That is contrary to the fact that those that conducted online business got 50% of their total value from ecommerce(Trends in ecommerce for the food marketing system). The successful implementation of advanced technology in conducting business includes the involvement of other stakeholders such as the suppliers of the agricultural products for the formation of a smooth continuous loop of online transactions. Innovation is made possible by the addition of creativity in the options offered online, the combination of customer recommendations from their online reviews in relation to the recipes and informative posts, and the experiences of the customers with the food offered at Shop Eight. Risks and uncertainty associated with options for customers and stakeholders Assurance to the customers can be made through the provision of actual testimonials of the successful deliveries and the provision of favourable return policies and compensation strategies. The modes of payment are another source of uncertainty among the customers and other stakeholders that should be ensured by the adoption of upgraded safety precautions for online transactions. There additional e-business security systems that must be considered when conducting online business. It is essential for your online business to adapt encryption technologies and security certifications for safe use and convincing the clients about the safety of the use of such websites. In case of security breaches and the leak of confidential customer information, the ethical thing to do is inform the customers about the breach and the progress in the response made by the company in relation to the same. It is also essential to provide declarations and clauses that detach you from severe legal sanctions in case of accidental security confidence breaches. The adoption of new technologies must come along with training on how to run them so that there is only occasional need to hire external contractors in cases of major maintenance. The caf is still new and runs on limited resources. However, since the addition of the additional financial, human, and material resources is inevitable, the business must be willing to invest in such advancement for the sake of the encouragement of innovation and entrepreneurship. Such resources include those invested in training in the use of various online platforms and software such as the use of Sage, Hub spot, Xero, and Tidy works for the management of the online business(Reed, 2015). The management also requires upgraded software such as Bamboo HR that make HR management easier and efficient (Getapp). The existing stakeholders should find ways to multitask and handle some of the new technologies such as online transactions in addition to their usual tasks because organizational change involves the te mporary addition of the work load of the employees for the integration of the change into the regular operations of the business (Walsh, 2016). Other important systems are the point of sale systems (Cashier and point of service terminals that) such as Ezee Burrp, TapHunter, and BIM POS that help with guest service, operation revenues. They help in the elimination of arithmetic errors, an increase in the average guest checking, a reduction in credit card expenses and labour costs, and more efficient reactions to trends (Collins, Cobanglu, Bilgihan, 2013; Capterra, 2017). Barriers to the implementation of the options in terms of their requirements to their customers The barriers that may exist are the lack of knowledge to run the technologically advanced technologies are such as the online software for running the business and the interaction criteria with the rest of the world (including the customers) on the website and social media. The other barrier is the lack of technology adapted to encourage innovation and entrepreneurship resulting in the stagnation of the business in its current position. The two strategic options are connected and interdependent where none can stand on its own without the other. That way the needs of the customers can be met efficiently be people who know what they are doing in their new innovations and the application of the new resources at their disposal to interact with the customers. As a result, the needs of the customers are met efficiently and the innovative ideas spread among the customers(Duff and Phelps, 2016). The success of the business depends on its adaptation to customer preferences which have an inclination towards healthier diets in 2017(Maras, 2015). Such barriers come as a result of the lack of enough knowledge to handle the clients and their inquiries, and the use of unfriendly interaction software that discourages use among some clients (Carpio Lange, 2015). The intention is to attract customers from all walks of life which involve the consideration of the approach of the innovations set into motion by the business. In addition to that, there is the possibility of the barrier where the other stakeholders are not willing to upgrade and be at per with the technological advancement adopted by the business. It is most efficient where the stakeholders including the suppliers are willing to get onto the same platform as the business. In cases where they do not, the business is forced to integrate the new and the old ways of doing things. However, the innovativeness fostered by the training and the availability of resources to explore is enough to ensure that such instances are not barriers to the operations of the business. Example of a plan incorporating the changes/improvements required for the business in various areas such as: Taking technology as the first option, there is a plan of the incorporation of the changes in terms of technology using the option of the availability of the necessary equipment and technologies. The plan is to adopt the most recent relevant software in the management of the business, the marketing strategies, and the personal advancement of the staff. Innovation must come in the methods applied in the attraction of the customers such as diversification into other niche products that are popular in the food industry ecommerce. The products that are most popular in ecommerce in the food industry include health drinks, detox tea, nacha, and nootropics(Teneva, 2017). The other are the control and monitoring processes, a factor that is intertwined with technological advancement. The monitoring and control processes are enhanced through technological advancement and through the adaptation of the related relevant software. It ensures better risk management while still maintaining the normal running of the business. Risk management is done through special monitoring programs and the impartation of the relevant skills among the employees through training, practice, and coaching. The same applies for the systems and processes where the use of hub spot, sage, xero, and others like tidy works and bamboo HR are instrumental in the enhancement of the systems and processes (Sales Marketing, 2016; Reed, 2015). The others are the systems and processes that require different software, skills, and coordination systems for efficiency. There are different operational differences that depend on the size and type of business and the skills of the employees. There is the other option of continuous employee development through training and educative programs for other stakeholders that best enhances innovation and entrepreneurship among the stakeholders. It is done training, practice, and coaching. As mentioned earlier, the education of the masses is possible using the online platforms that represent the business. According to Hardy (2014) control and monitoring process is enhanced using the adaptation new and more efficient software about which the staff must be trained for actual operations in the current digital evolution. The dissemination of the educative information must be included in the consent certificates to be signed by customers before transactions and the educative articles published in the newsletters. It is common for businesses to engage in unethical and culturally inappropriate behaviours in their quest for advancement and the reduction of expenses in the process. It is for that reason that the business must incorporate the rules-ethical aspects- to be followed prior to the implementation of the changes. It also helps to consult with the relevant parties to avoid getting into trouble and working all ways-including illegal ways- to get out of such trouble. Such specialists include lawyers, data protection specialists for the encryption of the information input by the business and the customers online, and that put by the business. Professional aspects required for the successful shift of the organizational culture include discretion and the maintenance of the confidentiality of the customers. It is also essential to consider that the customer is always right as a professional attitude for the consideration of the needs of the customers above all else. With the advancement in regard for health and healthy practices, the maintenance of Corporate Social Responsibility and the publication of the activities in which the business engages to ensure corporate social responsibility in its innovations is essential for its success and survival(Heneghan, 2016). The social aspects cover the inter-personal relationships and individual conduct in the work environment as a social environment. It relates to friendships, relationships, among other affiliations. In general, the organizational change should incorporate multiculturalism through the employment of diverse staff and the inclusion of activities that encourage partnerships between them to foster the culture in the business. The values of the business must be clearly laid out to include the values, attitudes, and beliefs that should run the employees within the company. Care must be taken so as not to compromise work for such relations. The same goes for cultural aspects and their regard. They include the values shared among the employees, their attitudes, and standards. Multiculturalism is inevitable in the globalized environment and the co-existence of people from different cultural background in various areas (Milkman, 2016). Conclusion The adoption of new methods of operation and the change in the organizational function and culture is a major shift that requires effort in relation to the financial, material, and human resource input. Commitment to the course and the willingness to incur extra expenses in the process is inevitable where the changes involve the incorporation of new programs and technology. It is essential to ensure that the staff and other stakeholders keep up with the pace which should be accompanied with options in ase of the laxity of othere stakeholders in the adoption of the new technologies to avoid inconveniences in the transition process. References Beckett, F. (2015, 2 9). Restaurant reviews: Shop Eight Food and Wine, Christchurch, New Zealand. Retrieved from Matching Food and Wine: https://www.matchingfoodandwine.com/news/reviews/shop-eight-food-and-wine-christchurch-new-zealand/ Berry, M. (2013, 4 24). Nervous start for cafe's young owner. Retrieved from The Press: https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/business/the-rebuild/8588949/Nervous-start-for-cafes-young-owner Capterra. (2017). Top Restaurant Management Software Products. Retrieved from Capterra: https://www.capterra.com/restaurant-management-software/ Carpio, C. E., Lange, K. Y. (2015, 2 3). Trends in ecommerce for the food marketing system. CAB Reviews Perspectives in Agriculture Veterinary Science Nutrition and Natural Resources, 1-8. Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281443773_Trends_in_e-commerce_for_the_food_marketing_system Collins, G. R., Cobanglu, C., Bilgihan, A. (2013). Hospitality Information Technology: Learning how to use it. New York: Kendall Hunt Publishing Company. Retrieved from Restaurant Management: https://he.kendallhunt.com/sites/default/files/heupload/DeMicco_1e_Ch5.pdf Duff and Phelps. (2016). Food Retail Industry Insights 2016. Retrieved from Duff and Phelps: https://www.duffandphelps.com/assets/pdfs/publications/mergers-and-acquisitions/industry-insights/consumer/food-retail-industry-insights-2016.pdf Fraser, K. (2014, 09 17). Review: Shop Eight Food Wine. Retrieved from The Press: https://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/christchurch-life/eat-and-drink/reviews/10508829/Review-Shop-Eight-Food-Wine Getapp. (n.d.). BambooHR: Personalized HR software for SMBs. Retrieved from Getapp: https://www.getapp.com/hr-employee-management-software/a/bamboohr-saas-hr-software/reviews/ Hardy, K. (2014, 11 3). The Digital Revolution. Retrieved from Posiflex: https://www.qsrmagazine.com/ordering/digital-revolution Heneghan, C. (22016, 1 6). 8 major challenges facing the food and beverage industry in 2016. Retrieved from Food Dive: https://www.fooddive.com/news/8-major-challenges-facing-the-food-and-beverage-industry-in-2016/411408/ Jacobs, L. (2014, 11 5). Eating with Ruth Reichl in Aukland and Christchurch. Retrieved from Lauraine Jacobs: https://www.laurainejacobs.co.nz/blog/?mode=postpost_id=534 Maras, E. (2015, 9 21). How New Consumer Demands Challenge The Foodservice Supply Chain. Retrieved from Food Logistics: https://www.foodlogistics.com/article/12107050/how-new-consumer-demands-challenge-the-foodservice-supply-chain Milkman, A. (2016, 2 16). Australian Coffee Culture Is Inspiring a New Wave of American Cafes. Retrieved from Eater: https://www.eater.com/drinks/2016/2/19/11059310/australian-coffee-culture-america New Zealand History. (2016, 5 4). Eat, drink and be merry: dining out in 20th Century New Zealand. Retrieved from New Zealand History: https://nzhistory.govt.nz/culture/no-pavlova-please/dining-out Puri, R. (2015, 11 9). The Future of Ecommerce: 7 Trends That Are Changing How We Shop. Retrieved from Shopify Plus: The Future of Ecommerce: 7 Trends That Are Changing How We Shop Reed, J. (2015, 4 8). Hubspot inbound marketing certification waste of time or valuable pursuit? Retrieved from Diginomica: https://diginomica.com/2015/04/08/hubspot-inbound-marketing-certification-waste-of-time-or-valuable-pursuit/ Sales Marketing. (2016). Sales Marketing. Retrieved from PC: https://www.pcmag.com/business/directory/sales-marketing Singer, C. (2017, 1 11). Top 2017 trends for food and beverage industry businesses. Retrieved from RSM: https://rsmus.com/what-we-do/industries/consumer-products/food-and-beverage/top-2017-trends-for-food-and-beverage-industry-businesses.html Teneva, D. (2017, 3 22). Trending Ecommerce Niche Products That Are Killing It [2017 Update]. Retrieved from Metrilo Blog: https://www.metrilo.com/blog/ecommerce-trends-niche-products/ Trends in ecommerce for the food marketing system. (n.d.). Retrieved from Researchgate: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281443773_Trends_in_e-commerce_for_the_food_marketing_system Walsh, M. (2016, 1 30). The future of e-commerce: bricks and mortar. Retrieved from The Guardian: https://www.theguardian.com/business/2016/jan/30/future-of-e-commerce-bricks-and-mortar Zeus, S. (2017, 4 20). These 12 AI Companies are Transforming Retail E-commerce. Retrieved from Top Bots: https://sitezeus.com/12-ai-companies-transforming-retail-e-commerce/